8.4 Exception Hierarchy & Catch Rules

                       +-------------------+
                       |  java.lang.Object |
                       +-------------------+
                                 |
                                 v
                       +-------------------+
                       |     Throwable     |
                       +-------------------+
                                 |
            +--------------------+--------------------+
            |                                         |
            v                                         v
   +-----------------+                       +-----------------+
   |      Error      |                       |    Exception    |
   | (Unrecoverable) |                       |  (Recoverable)  |
   +-----------------+                       +-----------------+
     - OutOfMemoryError                               |
     - StackOverflowError            +----------------+----------------+
                                     |                                 |
                                     v                                 v
                            +-----------------+               +-----------------+
                            | RuntimeException|               | Checked Except. |
                            |   (Unchecked)   |               | (Compile-time)  |
                            +-----------------+               +-----------------+
                              - NullPointerEx                   - IOException
                              - ArithmeticEx                    - SQLException

try {
    // कोड
} catch (ArithmeticException e) {
    // सबसे विशिष्ट
} catch (NullPointerException e) {
    // विशिष्ट
} catch (Exception e) {
    // सबसे सामान्य (Generic Fallback)
}